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Example of PHP Application

Example of PHP Application

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Saifur Rahman Mahin
·

12 min read

Table of contents

Example of PHP Application

Below is a simplified example of a larger PHP application that includes user authentication, post management, file uploads, comments, a dashboard, and analytics. For a real-world scenario, consider using a PHP framework like Laravel or Symfony.

File Structure:

  • index.php: Entry point and router.

  • config.php: Configuration file for database connection and other settings.

  • app/: Directory for application files.

    • controllers/

    • models/

    • views/

    • uploads/

    • dashboard/

  • public/: Web-accessible directory.

    • css/

    • js/

    • uploads/

config.php:

<?php
// Database Configuration
define('DB_HOST', 'your_database_host');
define('DB_USER', 'your_database_user');
define('DB_PASSWORD', 'your_database_password');
define('DB_NAME', 'your_database_name');
define('DB_CHARSET', 'utf8mb4'); // Database character set

// File Upload Configuration
define('UPLOAD_DIR', 'uploads/');
define('MAX_FILE_SIZE', 10 * 1024 * 1024); // Maximum file size in bytes (10MB)

// Caching Configuration
define('CACHE_ENABLED', true);
define('CACHE_EXPIRY_TIME', 3600); // Cache expiry time in seconds (1 hour)

// Logging Configuration
define('LOGGING_ENABLED', true);
define('LOG_FILE', 'logs/app.log');

// Third-party Integrations
define('MAILER_API_KEY', 'your_mailer_api_key');
define('ANALYTICS_TRACKING_ID', 'your_analytics_tracking_id');

// Security Configuration
define('JWT_SECRET', 'your_jwt_secret');
define('CSRF_TOKEN_NAME', 'csrf_token');
define('SESSION_NAME', 'your_session_name');
define('COOKIE_SECURE', true); // Set to true if using HTTPS

// Other Configuration
define('SITE_NAME', 'My Complex App');
define('DEBUG_MODE', false); // Set to true for detailed error messages in development

// Environment Configuration
define('ENVIRONMENT', 'production'); // Options: development, testing, production
?>

app/models/User.php:

<?php
class User {
    private $userId;
    private $username;
    private $email;
    private $passwordHash;
    private $roles;
    private $profile;

    public function __construct($userId, $username, $email, $passwordHash, $roles = [], $profile = []) {
        $this->userId = $userId;
        $this->username = $username;
        $this->email = $email;
        $this->passwordHash = $passwordHash;
        $this->roles = $roles;
        $this->profile = $profile;
    }

    public function getUserId() {
        return $this->userId;
    }

    public function getUsername() {
        return $this->username;
    }

    public function getEmail() {
        return $this->email;
    }

    public function getPasswordHash() {
        return $this->passwordHash;
    }

    public function getRoles() {
        return $this->roles;
    }

    public function getProfile() {
        return $this->profile;
    }

    public function hasRole($role) {
        return in_array($role, $this->roles);
    }

    public function hasPermission($permission) {
        // Implement logic to check if the user has a specific permission
        // This might involve checking roles or additional user-specific permissions
        return true; // Placeholder logic
    }

    public function updateProfile($newProfileData) {
        // Implement logic to update user profile settings
        // This could include updating the user's name, avatar, bio, etc.
        $this->profile = array_merge($this->profile, $newProfileData);
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    public function changePassword($newPassword) {
        // Implement logic to change user password
        $this->passwordHash = password_hash($newPassword, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    // Additional methods for more complex user-related functionality can be added here
}
?>

app/models/Post.php:

<?php
class Post {
    private $postId;
    private $title;
    private $content;
    private $author;
    private $tags;
    private $categories;
    private $comments;
    private $createdAt;
    private $updatedAt;

    public function __construct($postId, $title, $content, $author, $tags = [], $categories = [], $comments = [], $createdAt, $updatedAt) {
        $this->postId = $postId;
        $this->title = $title;
        $this->content = $content;
        $this->author = $author;
        $this->tags = $tags;
        $this->categories = $categories;
        $this->comments = $comments;
        $this->createdAt = $createdAt;
        $this->updatedAt = $updatedAt;
    }

    public function getPostId() {
        return $this->postId;
    }

    public function getTitle() {
        return $this->title;
    }

    public function getContent() {
        return $this->content;
    }

    public function getAuthor() {
        return $this->author;
    }

    public function getTags() {
        return $this->tags;
    }

    public function getCategories() {
        return $this->categories;
    }

    public function getComments() {
        return $this->comments;
    }

    public function getCreatedAt() {
        return $this->createdAt;
    }

    public function getUpdatedAt() {
        return $this->updatedAt;
    }

    public function addTag($tag) {
        // Implement logic to add a tag to the post
        $this->tags[] = $tag;
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    public function addCategory($category) {
        // Implement logic to add a category to the post
        $this->categories[] = $category;
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    public function addComment($comment) {
        // Implement logic to add a comment to the post
        $this->comments[] = $comment;
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    public function updateContent($newContent) {
        // Implement logic to update post content
        $this->content = $newContent;
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    // Additional methods for more complex post-related functionality can be added here
}
?>

app/models/Comment.php:

<?php
class Comment {
    private $commentId;
    private $content;
    private $author;
    private $post;
    private $mentions;
    private $reactions;
    private $replies;
    private $createdAt;
    private $updatedAt;

    public function __construct($commentId, $content, $author, $post, $mentions = [], $reactions = [], $replies = [], $createdAt, $updatedAt) {
        $this->commentId = $commentId;
        $this->content = $content;
        $this->author = $author;
        $this->post = $post;
        $this->mentions = $mentions;
        $this->reactions = $reactions;
        $this->replies = $replies;
        $this->createdAt = $createdAt;
        $this->updatedAt = $updatedAt;
    }

    public function getCommentId() {
        return $this->commentId;
    }

    public function getContent() {
        return $this->content;
    }

    public function getAuthor() {
        return $this->author;
    }

    public function getPost() {
        return $this->post;
    }

    public function getMentions() {
        return $this->mentions;
    }

    public function getReactions() {
        return $this->reactions;
    }

    public function getReplies() {
        return $this->replies;
    }

    public function getCreatedAt() {
        return $this->createdAt;
    }

    public function getUpdatedAt() {
        return $this->updatedAt;
    }

    public function addMention($mentionedUser) {
        // Implement logic to add a mention in the comment
        $this->mentions[] = $mentionedUser;
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    public function addReaction($reaction) {
        // Implement logic to add a reaction to the comment
        $this->reactions[] = $reaction;
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    public function addReply($reply) {
        // Implement logic to add a reply to the comment
        $this->replies[] = $reply;
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    public function updateContent($newContent) {
        // Implement logic to update comment content
        $this->content = $newContent;
        // Save changes to the database or storage
    }

    // Additional methods for more complex comment-related functionality can be added here
}
?>

app/controllers/AuthController.php:

<?php
class AuthController {
    private $userService;
    private $roleService;

    public function __construct($userService, $roleService) {
        $this->userService = $userService;
        $this->roleService = $roleService;
    }

    public function login($username, $password, $twoFactorCode = null) {
        // Implement login logic
        $user = $this->userService->getUserByUsername($username);

        if ($user && password_verify($password, $user->getPasswordHash())) {
            if ($user->isTwoFactorEnabled() && !$twoFactorCode) {
                // Two-factor authentication is enabled but code is not provided
                // Redirect to 2FA page or send 2FA code to the user
                return '2FA_REQUIRED';
            } elseif ($user->isTwoFactorEnabled() && $twoFactorCode && !$this->verifyTwoFactorCode($user, $twoFactorCode)) {
                // Two-factor authentication code is invalid
                return 'INVALID_2FA_CODE';
            }

            // Login successful
            $_SESSION['user_id'] = $user->getUserId();
            // Add additional logic based on user roles
            $this->handleUserRoles($user);

            // Redirect to dashboard or home page
            header('Location: /dashboard');
            exit();
        }

        // Login failed
        return 'INVALID_CREDENTIALS';
    }

    public function logout() {
        // Implement logout logic
        session_unset();
        session_destroy();
        // Redirect to login page
        header('Location: /login');
        exit();
    }

    private function verifyTwoFactorCode($user, $code) {
        // Implement logic to verify two-factor authentication code
        // This might involve using a library or sending the code to an external service
        return true; // Placeholder logic
    }

    private function handleUserRoles($user) {
        // Implement logic to manage user roles
        $roles = $this->roleService->getUserRoles($user->getUserId());

        foreach ($roles as $role) {
            // Add role-based permissions or actions
            switch ($role->getRoleName()) {
                case 'admin':
                    // Add admin-specific logic
                    break;
                case 'editor':
                    // Add editor-specific logic
                    break;
                // Add more roles as needed
            }
        }
    }

    // Additional methods for more complex authentication-related functionality can be added here
}
?>

app/controllers/PostController.php:

<?php
class PostController {
    private $postService;
    private $categoryService;
    private $tagService;
    private $userService;

    public function __construct($postService, $categoryService, $tagService, $userService) {
        $this->postService = $postService;
        $this->categoryService = $categoryService;
        $this->tagService = $tagService;
        $this->userService = $userService;
    }

    public function showAllPosts() {
        // Implement logic to retrieve and display all posts
        $posts = $this->postService->getAllPosts();
        // Render view with posts data
    }

    public function showSinglePost($postId) {
        // Implement logic to retrieve and display a single post
        $post = $this->postService->getPostById($postId);
        // Render view with post data
    }

    public function createPost($title, $content, $categoryId, $tagNames, $userId, $imageFile) {
        // Implement logic to create a new post

        // Validate and handle file upload for post image
        $imageFileName = $this->handleFileUpload($imageFile);

        // Create post
        $postId = $this->postService->createPost($title, $content, $categoryId, $userId, $imageFileName);

        // Add tags to the post
        $tagNames = explode(',', $tagNames);
        foreach ($tagNames as $tagName) {
            $tag = $this->tagService->getOrCreateTag($tagName);
            $this->postService->addTagToPost($postId, $tag->getTagId());
        }

        // Redirect to the newly created post
        header("Location: /post/{$postId}");
        exit();
    }

    public function updatePost($postId, $title, $content, $categoryId, $tagNames, $imageFile) {
        // Implement logic to update an existing post

        // Validate and handle file upload for post image
        $imageFileName = $this->handleFileUpload($imageFile);

        // Update post
        $this->postService->updatePost($postId, $title, $content, $categoryId, $imageFileName);

        // Update tags for the post
        $tagNames = explode(',', $tagNames);
        $this->postService->clearTagsForPost($postId);
        foreach ($tagNames as $tagName) {
            $tag = $this->tagService->getOrCreateTag($tagName);
            $this->postService->addTagToPost($postId, $tag->getTagId());
        }

        // Redirect to the updated post
        header("Location: /post/{$postId}");
        exit();
    }

    public function deletePost($postId) {
        // Implement logic to delete a post
        $this->postService->deletePost($postId);
        // Redirect to the home page or a post list page
        header("Location: /");
        exit();
    }

    private function handleFileUpload($file) {
        // Implement logic to handle file uploads (e.g., images for posts)
        // This might include validation, generating a unique file name, and moving the file to a designated directory
        $targetDir = 'uploads/';
        $targetFile = $targetDir . basename($file['name']);
        move_uploaded_file($file['tmp_name'], $targetFile);

        return $targetFile;
    }

    // Additional methods for more complex post-related functionality can be added here
}
?>

app/controllers/CommentController.php:

<?php
class CommentController {
    private $commentService;
    private $userService;

    public function __construct($commentService, $userService) {
        $this->commentService = $commentService;
        $this->userService = $userService;
    }

    public function showComments($postId) {
        // Implement logic to retrieve and display comments for a post
        $comments = $this->commentService->getCommentsForPost($postId);
        // Render view with comments data
    }

    public function addComment($postId, $parentId, $content, $authorId) {
        // Implement logic to add a comment to a post

        // Create comment
        $commentId = $this->commentService->addComment($postId, $parentId, $content, $authorId);

        // Add mentions to the comment
        $mentionedUsers = $this->extractMentions($content);
        foreach ($mentionedUsers as $mentionedUser) {
            $user = $this->userService->getUserByUsername($mentionedUser);
            if ($user) {
                $this->commentService->addMentionToComment($commentId, $user->getUserId());
            }
        }

        // Redirect to the post or the updated comment section
        header("Location: /post/{$postId}#comment-{$commentId}");
        exit();
    }

    public function editComment($commentId, $content) {
        // Implement logic to edit a comment
        $this->commentService->editComment($commentId, $content);
        // Redirect to the post or the updated comment section
        header("Location: /post/{$postId}#comment-{$commentId}");
        exit();
    }

    public function deleteComment($commentId) {
        // Implement logic to delete a comment
        $this->commentService->deleteComment($commentId);
        // Redirect to the post or the updated comment section
        header("Location: /post/{$postId}");
        exit();
    }

    private function extractMentions($content) {
        // Implement logic to extract user mentions from comment content
        // This could involve regular expressions or other methods
        preg_match_all('/@(\w+)/', $content, $matches);
        return $matches[1];
    }

    // Additional methods for more complex comment-related functionality can be added here
}
?>

app/controllers/FileUploadController.php:

<?php
class FileUploadController {
    private $uploadService;

    public function __construct($uploadService) {
        $this->uploadService = $uploadService;
    }

    public function handleUpload($files) {
        // Implement logic to handle file uploads

        foreach ($files['upload'] as $file) {
            // Validate the file
            if (!$this->validateFile($file)) {
                // Handle invalid file (e.g., show error message)
                continue;
            }

            // Generate a unique filename
            $uniqueFilename = $this->generateUniqueFilename($file['name']);

            // Move the file to the designated directory
            $targetDirectory = 'uploads/';
            $targetFile = $targetDirectory . $uniqueFilename;
            move_uploaded_file($file['tmp_name'], $targetFile);

            // Save file information to the database or perform other actions
            $this->uploadService->saveFileDetails($file['name'], $uniqueFilename, $file['size'], $file['type']);

            // Additional logic for file processing can be added here
        }

        // Redirect or display success message
        header('Location: /uploads');
        exit();
    }

    private function validateFile($file) {
        // Implement logic to validate the file
        // For example, check file type, size, or perform custom validation
        $allowedTypes = ['image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'application/pdf'];
        $maxFileSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10MB

        if (!in_array($file['type'], $allowedTypes) || $file['size'] > $maxFileSize) {
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    private function generateUniqueFilename($originalFilename) {
        // Implement logic to generate a unique filename
        $extension = pathinfo($originalFilename, PATHINFO_EXTENSION);
        $uniqueFilename = uniqid() . '.' . $extension;

        return $uniqueFilename;
    }

    // Additional methods for more complex file-related functionality can be added here
}
?>

app/dashboard/AnalyticsController.php:

<?php
class AnalyticsController {
    private $analyticsService;

    public function __construct($analyticsService) {
        $this->analyticsService = $analyticsService;
    }

    public function showDashboard() {
        // Implement logic to retrieve and display analytics data

        // Example: Retrieve overall site statistics
        $overallStats = $this->analyticsService->getOverallStats();

        // Example: Retrieve user-specific analytics
        $userId = $_SESSION['user_id']; // Assuming user is logged in
        $userStats = $this->analyticsService->getUserStats($userId);

        // Example: Retrieve analytics for a specific time period
        $startDate = '2023-01-01';
        $endDate = '2023-12-31';
        $periodStats = $this->analyticsService->getPeriodStats($startDate, $endDate);

        // Example: Retrieve analytics by category
        $categoryStats = $this->analyticsService->getCategoryStats();

        // Example: Perform data aggregation or manipulation
        $aggregatedData = $this->aggregateData($overallStats, $userStats, $periodStats, $categoryStats);

        // Example: Pass data to a view for rendering
        // You may use a template engine or framework to handle views
        $viewData = [
            'overallStats' => $overallStats,
            'userStats' => $userStats,
            'periodStats' => $periodStats,
            'categoryStats' => $categoryStats,
            'aggregatedData' => $aggregatedData,
        ];

        // Render the analytics dashboard view
        $this->renderView('analytics/dashboard.php', $viewData);
    }

    private function aggregateData($overallStats, $userStats, $periodStats, $categoryStats) {
        // Implement logic to aggregate or manipulate analytics data
        // This could involve combining data from different sources, calculating averages, etc.
        $aggregatedData = [];

        // Example: Combine overall and user-specific stats
        $aggregatedData['combinedStats'] = array_merge($overallStats, $userStats);

        // Example: Calculate average values for the period
        $aggregatedData['averageValues'] = $this->calculateAverageValues($periodStats);

        // Example: Group category stats by a specific criteria
        $aggregatedData['groupedCategoryStats'] = $this->groupCategoryStats($categoryStats);

        return $aggregatedData;
    }

    private function calculateAverageValues($periodStats) {
        // Implement logic to calculate average values from period stats
        // This is just a placeholder; adjust based on your actual data structure
        $averageValues = [];
        foreach ($periodStats as $stat) {
            $averageValues[] = array_map(function ($value) {
                return array_sum($value) / count($value);
            }, $stat);
        }

        return $averageValues;
    }

    private function groupCategoryStats($categoryStats) {
        // Implement logic to group category stats by a specific criteria
        // This is just a placeholder; adjust based on your actual data structure
        $groupedStats = [];
        foreach ($categoryStats as $stat) {
            $groupedStats[$stat['group']][] = $stat;
        }

        return $groupedStats;
    }

    private function renderView($viewPath, $data) {
        // Implement logic to render a view
        // This could involve using a template engine or framework
        include $viewPath;
    }

    // Additional methods for more complex analytics-related functionality can be added here
}
?>

app/views/layout.php:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title><?= SITE_NAME ?></title>
</head>
<body>
    <header>
        <!-- Implement header -->
        <h1><?= SITE_NAME ?></h1>
    </header>

    <nav>
        <!-- Implement navigation -->
        <ul>
            <li><a href="index.php">Home</a></li>
            <li><a href="index.php?action=showAllPosts">All Posts</a></li>
            <li><a href="index.php?action=login">Login</a></li>
            <li><a href="index.php?action=showDashboard">Dashboard</a></li>
        </ul>
    </nav>

    <main>
        <!-- Content will be dynamically inserted here -->
        <?php include $contentView; ?>
    </main>

    <footer>
        <!-- Implement footer -->
        <p>&copy; <?= date('Y') ?> <?= SITE_NAME ?></p>
    </footer>
</body>
</html>

app/views/home.php:

<?php
// Home page content
?>
<h2>Welcome to <?= SITE_NAME ?></h2>
<p>Explore the features of our content management system.</p>

app/views/all-posts.php:

<?php
// All posts page content
?>
<h2>All Posts</h2>
<!-- Implement logic to display a list of all posts -->

app/views/single-post.php:

<?php
// Single post page content
?>
<h2>Single Post</h2>
<!-- Implement logic to display the content of a single post -->

app/views/login-form.php:

<?php
// Login form
?>
<h2>Login</h2>
<!-- Implement login form -->

app/views/upload-form.php:

<?php
// File upload form
?>
<h2>File Upload</h2>
<!-- Implement file upload form -->

app/views/comments.php:

<?php
// Comments section
?>
<h2>Comments</h2>
<!-- Implement logic to display and add comments -->

app/views/dashboard.php:

<?php
// Dashboard content
?>
<h2>Dashboard</h2>
<!-- Implement logic to display analytics data and other dashboard features -->

public/index.php (Router):

<?php
require_once '../config.php';

$action = isset($_GET['action']) ? $_GET['action'] : 'home';
$contentView = '';

// Implement autoloading or include classes manually
require_once '../app/controllers/AuthController.php';
require_once '../app/controllers/PostController.php';
require_once '../app/controllers/CommentController.php';
require_once '../app/controllers/FileUploadController.php';
require_once '../app/dashboard/AnalyticsController.php';

$user = new User();
$postController = new PostController();
$commentController = new CommentController();
$fileUploadController = new FileUpload

Controller();
$analyticsController = new AnalyticsController();

switch ($action) {
    case 'home':
        $contentView = '../app/views/home.php';
        break;
    case 'showAllPosts':
        $contentView = '../app/views/all-posts.php';
        break;
    case 'showSinglePost':
        $postId = isset($_GET['postId']) ? $_GET['postId'] : null;
        $contentView = '../app/views/single-post.php';
        break;
    case 'login':
        $authController = new AuthController();
        $authController->login();
        $contentView = '../app/views/login-form.php';
        break;
    case 'showDashboard':
        $analyticsController->showDashboard();
        $contentView = '../app/views/dashboard.php';
        break;
    default:
        // Handle other actions or show a default page
        break;
}

include '../app/views/layout.php';
?>

In a real-world scenario, consider using a PHP framework like Laravel or Symfony to handle routing, database interactions, and other common tasks. This example provides a basic structure, and you can expand and refactor it based on your specific requirements and the complexity of your application.

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